How can good building design impact health and wellbeing?

When we think about a comfortable home, we often picture a warm space in winter, fresh air in summer, and a peaceful environment. But what if our homes could actively improve our wellbeing?

Thoughtful design decisions can improve sleep, reduce stress, enhance productivity, and even support better physical health. Design focus on elements such as natural light, good ventilation and thermal comfort will really enhance the occupant’s quality of life. Many of these design aspects are addressed by achieving Passivhaus accreditation, but the principles of good design should be applied to any project, regardless of whether you are aiming for certification or not.

Natural Light

Natural light is one of the most important elements of good building design. It enhances the aesthetics of a space while improving the overall health and productivity of its occupants. Natural light can help:

Regulate circadian rhythms, improving sleep and mood.
Reduce eye strain and enhances productivity, particularly in work and study environments.
Lower energy consumption by reducing use of artificial lighting.

Effective strategies for incorporating natural light include large windows, skylights, and light wells, all designed and placed to distribute evenly throughout a space while minimising glare and overheating.

Biophilic Design

Incorporating nature into design through biophilic principles has profound effects on mental and physical health. Biophilic design can:

Reduce stress and promote relaxation by creating a visual connection with nature, which has been shown to lower cortisol levels.
Enhance cognitive function and creativity, as natural views have been linked to improved problem-solving abilities and mental clarity.
Speed up recovery in healthcare settings by fostering a healing environment.

Including access to green spaces is crucial for both physical and mental health. Parks, gardens and terraces encourage physical activity and relaxation, further enhancing occupant wellbeing.

Read more about elements of Biophilic design and why they matter in our previous article – Understanding Biophilic Design.

Indoor Air Quality & Ventilation

Ensuring high indoor air quality is essential for better health. Good design integrates natural and mechanical ventilation systems and air filtration to maintain a healthy indoor environment. Prioritising air quality can:

Prevent respiratory issues by reducing pollutants and allergens.
Enhance concentration and reduce fatigue by maintaining a steady flow of fresh air.
Natural ventilation improves comfort and reduces energy costs by maintaining a pleasant indoor environment.

Passivhaus buildings use further ventilation strategies, such as MVHR, to ensure fresh air circulation without energy waste whilst maintaining stable indoor temperatures.

Thermal Comfort

When it comes to wellbeing, maintaining a comfortable indoor temperature is crucial. Effective insulation, shading, and climate-responsive design help achieve optimal thermal conditions year-round.

Proper temperature regulation prevents discomfort and health issues.
Insulation, shading, and smart climate control enhance energy efficiency.
Consistent thermal conditions boost productivity by creating a stable indoor environment.

Passivhaus principles maintain a stable indoor temperature throughout the year, with minimal heating required. By eliminating draughts and cold spots, they reduce the risks associated with cold living conditions, particularly for vulnerable groups such as the elderly and those with chronic illnesses.

Acoustic Comfort

Noise pollution can be a significant source of stress and distraction. Good design mitigates unwanted noise through sound-absorbing materials, acoustic zoning, and high-performance glazing. Focusing on acoustic comfort when designing can:

Reduce noise pollution for better focus and relaxation by blocking external sounds.
Enhance speech clarity in offices and classrooms, improving communication.
Minimise stress levels caused by excessive noise, negatively impacting overall health.

Passivhaus and low energy buildings have high-performing windows, doors, and insulation that significantly reduce external noise. Creating a peaceful indoor environment, improving focus, reducing stress, and promoting better sleep.

Spatial Design & Layout

Well-designed spaces enhance movement, usability, and adaptability. Open-plan designs, flexible furniture, and intuitive layouts create environments that cater to diverse occupant needs.

Open, well-organised spaces improve movement and usability.
Flexible designs adapt to occupant needs and activities, allowing spaces to be reconfigured.
Promote social interaction and wellbeing by creating inviting communal areas.

Thoughtful layouts enhance comfort by ensuring spaces are designed for ease of use and movement.

Material Choices

The materials used in a building affect indoor air quality, comfort, and aesthetics. Selecting sustainable, low-VOC and natural materials enhances both environmental and occupant health.

Non-toxic, sustainable materials improve indoor air quality by reducing the presence of volatile organic compounds (VOCs).
Natural and warm materials create a sense of comfort and connection to nature.
Durable materials reduce maintenance and increase longevity, leading to cost savings over time while maintaining high indoor environmental quality.

Using responsibly sourced, high-quality materials ensures healthier living environments by minimising the risk of harmful off-gassing and providing greater thermal and acoustic insulation.

By prioritising these aspects, we can create environments that support physical and mental wellbeing. While Passivhaus serves as a great standard for integrating these elements, all can be accomplished through thoughtful design and strategies. The key to healthier living spaces is in holistic, fabric-first design that places occupant wellbeing at its core.